Platos Phaedo Essays (577 words) - Socratic Dialogues,

Plato's Phaedo In Plato's Phaedo, Socrates is explaining to his friends that the acquiring knowledge comes from a recollection of things from a previous life. Socrates uses this as a way to comfort his friends. Based on this, according to Socrates, if a human being can learn anything, they must have known something about what it is they are learning about. If a human being has known something without having been taught it (in this life), they must have learned it before their birth. If the soul existed prior to birth it stands to reason that it survives death, and thus Socrates' friends have no cause for grief. This prior knowledge is triggered into consciousness by sensory input. Plato is trying to work beyond a two-fold paradox. Namely, if a human being does not know something, they cannot learn it since they know nothing about it. If, on the other hand, a person knows it, they do not need to learn it. When Crito asks Socrates how he wishes to be buried when he dies, this is a mistake because it shows his lack of understanding. Crito's lack of understanding lies in the fact the he doesn't understand how the soul survives the body at death, and in fact Socrates will still in actuality be alive. By making this mistake, according to Socrates, he Crito is harming the soul. If Crito were in understanding of this, he would not have asked Socrates about burying his body, because Socrates is not merely a body, but rather the body is a casing for the spirit and who he is. Socrates does not take Crito's question seriously because to Socrates the body is not the basis of who he is. To Socrates, the fact that his body is going to die does not mean he will be dead. In fact, his soul will go on, be born in a different body, and go back to learning what the soul seeks to know. Socrates wants Crito to know that he will not be burying him, but instead just his body. Socrates is justified in his response to Crito's question because Crito's question goes against everything that Socrates says and stands for. I think that Socrates is upset with Crito for being so ignorant. He shows this by laughing at Crito for his question. He also shows this by telling the others that Crito only sees him as the body he will be burying, rather that the person talking to them. When it came time for Socrates to drink the poison, Crito again shows his lack of understanding by asking Socrates to wait awhile before taking it. Crito wants Socrates to try and enjoy the last bit of life that he can enjoy. Socrates again puts Crito in his place by saying that any human being would do this, but it is not right for Socrates. Socrates does not want to appear ridiculous for clinging to life when there is none left. Overall Socrates is trying to tell human beings that life is nothing more than an opportunity for the soul to learn what it is in search for. The human body is nothing more than an instrument for the soul to use. A person should not fear or run from death, but rather look at it as a chance for the soul to move on to something else and to another chance to learn more based on what was already learned

Obsidian Hydration - An Inexpensive, but Problematic Dating Technique

Obsidian Hydration - An Inexpensive, but Problematic Dating Technique Obsidian hydration dating (or OHD) is a scientific dating technique, which uses the understanding of the geochemical nature of the volcanic glass (a silicate) called obsidian  to provide both relative and absolute dates on artifacts. Obsidian outcrops all over the world, and was preferentially used by stone tool makers because it is very easy to work with, it is very sharp when broken, and it comes in a variety of vivid colors, black, orange, red, green and clear. Fast Facts: Obsidian Hydration Dating Obsidian Hydration Dating (OHD) is a scientific dating technique using the unique geochemical nature of volcanic glasses.  The method relies on the measured and predictable growth of a rind that forms on the glass when first exposed to the atmosphere.  Issues are that rind growth is dependent on three factors: ambient temperature, water vapor pressure, and the chemistry of the volcanic glass itself.  Recent improvements in measurement and analytical advances in water absorption promise to resolve some of the issues.   How and Why Obsidian Hydration Dating Works Obsidian contains water trapped in it during its formation. In its natural state, it has a thick rind  formed by the diffusion of the water into the atmosphere when it first cooled- the technical term is hydrated layer. When a fresh surface of obsidian is exposed to the atmosphere, as when it is broken to make a stone tool, more water is absorbed and the rind begins to grow again.  That new rind is visible and can be measured under high-power magnification (40–80x). Prehistoric rinds can vary from less than 1 micron ( µm) to more than 50  µm, depending on the length of time of exposure.  By measuring the thickness one can easily determine if a particular artifact is older than another (relative age). If the rate at which water diffuses into the glass for that particular chunk of obsidian is known (thats the tricky part), you can use OHD to determine the absolute age of objects. The relationship is disarmingly simple: Age DX2, where Age is in years, D is a constant and X is the hydration rind thickness in microns. Defining the Constant Obsidian, natural volcanic glass exhibiting rind, Montgomery Pass, Mineral County, Nevada. John Cancalosi / Oxford Scientific / Getty Images Its nearly a sure bet that everybody who ever made stone tools and knew about obsidian and where to find it, used it: as a glass, it breaks in predictable ways and creates supremely sharp edges. Making stone tools out of raw obsidian breaks the rind and starts the obsidian clock counting. The measurement of rind growth since the break can be done with a piece of equipment that probably already exists in most laboratories. It does sound perfect doesnt it? The problem is, the constant (that sneaky D up there) has to combine at least three other factors that are known to affect the rate of rind growth: temperature, water vapor pressure, and glass chemistry. The local temperature fluctuates daily, seasonally and over longer time scales in every region on the planet. Archaeologists recognize this and started creating an Effective Hydration Temperature (EHT) model to track and account for the effects of temperature on hydration, as a function of annual mean temperature, annual temperature range and diurnal temperature range. Sometimes scholars add in a depth correction factor to account for the temperature of buried artifacts, assuming the underground conditions are significantly different than surface ones–but the effects havent been researched too much as of yet. Water Vapor and Chemistry The effects of variation in water vapor pressure in the climate where an obsidian artifact has been found have not been studied as intensively as the effects of temperature. In general, water vapor varies with elevation, so you can typically assume that water vapor is constant within a site or region. But OHD is troublesome in regions like the Andes mountains of South America, where people brought their obsidian artifacts across enormous changes in altitudes, from the sea level coastal regions to the 4,000-meter (12,000-foot) high mountains and higher. Even more difficult to account for is differential glass chemistry in obsidians. Some obsidians hydrate faster than others, even within the exact same depositional environment. You can source obsidian (that is, identify the natural outcrop where a piece of obsidian was found), and so you can correct for that variation by measuring the rates in the source and using those to create source-specific hydration curves. But, since the amount of water within obsidian can vary even within obsidian nodules from a single source, that content can significantly affect age estimates. Water Structure Research Methodology to adjust the calibrations for the variability in climate is an emergent technology in the 21st century. New methods critically evaluate the depth profiles of hydrogen on the hydrated surfaces using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) or Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The internal structure of the water content in obsidian has been identified as a highly influential variable which controls the rate of water diffusion at ambient temperature. It has also been found that such structures, like water content, vary within the recognized quarry sources.  Ã‚   Coupled with a more precise measuring methodology, the technique has the potential to increase the reliability of OHD, and provide a window into the evaluation of local climatic conditions, in particular paleo-temperature regimes.   Obsidian History Obsidians measurable rate of rind growth has been recognized since the 1960s. In 1966, geologists Irving Friedman, Robert L. Smith and William D. Long published the first study, the results of experimental hydration of obsidian from the Valles Mountains of New Mexico. Since that time, significant advancement in the recognized impacts of water vapor, temperature and glass chemistry has been undertaken, identifying and accounting for much of the variation, creating higher resolution techniques to measure the rind and define the diffusion profile, and invent and improved new models for EFH and studies on the mechanism of diffusion. Despite its limitations, obsidian hydration dates are far less expensive than radiocarbon, and it is a standard dating practice in many regions of the world today. Sources Liritzis, Ioannis, and Nikolaos Laskaris. Fifty Years of Obsidian Hydration Dating in Archaeology. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 357.10 (2011): 2011–23. Print.Nakazawa, Yuichi. The Significance of Obsidian Hydration Dating in Assessing the Integrity of Holocene Midden, Hokkaido, Northern Japan. Quaternary International 397 (2016): 474–83. Print.Nakazawa, Yuichi, et al. A Systematic Comparison of Obsidian Hydration Measurements: The First Application of Micro-Image with Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry to the Prehistoric Obsidian. Quaternary International  (2018). Print.Rogers, Alexander K., and Daron Duke. Unreliability of the Induced Obsidian Hydration Method with Abbreviated Hot-Soak Protocols. Journal of Archaeological Science 52 (2014): 428–35. Print.Rogers, Alexander K., and Christopher M. Stevenson. Protocols for Laboratory Hydration of Obsidian, and Their Effect on Hydration Rate Accuracy: A Monte Carlo Simulation Study. Journal of Archaeological Scie nce: Reports 16 (2017): 117–26. Print. Stevenson, Christopher M., Alexander K. Rogers, and Michael D. Glascock. Variability in Obsidian Structural Water Content and Its Importance in the Hydration Dating of Cultural Artifacts. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 23 (2019): 231–42. Print.Tripcevich, Nicholas, Jelmer W. Eerkens, and Tim R. Carpenter. Obsidian Hydration at High Elevation: Archaic Quarrying at the Chivay Source, Southern Peru. Journal of Archaeological Science 39.5 (2012): 1360–67. Print.

Canadian folksong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Canadian folksong - Essay Example devoted half his work to the post-World War I ear, a time of decisive change, which saw the slow vanishing of colonial reasoning in Canadian world, mainly music, as Canada achieved the status of a fully independent country. Fowke pulled together numerous threads in his action of transforming Canadian musical institutions, the effect of the growing recording and broadcasting industries, the association of instrumental ensembles, the early stages of state endorsement for the Anglo-Canadian folksong, as he surveys their accumulative implications on music publishing, music education, performance, instrument making, as well as composition. The article discusses every aspect of Anglo-Canadian folksongs; who were involved in its development, stages of its development and the contemporary scene of Anglo-Canadian folksongs. The first significant collector of Anglo-Canadian folksongs was W. Roy Mackenzie, according to Fowke (335), who started his collecting in his home, Nova Scotia, back in 1908. Even then, Mackenzie lamented the sad truth that the spoken propagation of ballads has in those days and generation roughly ceased. In the 60 odd years since, Mackenzie found out that the folksinger is a much tougher breed than anyone considered, and collecting has moved on apace. Another central aspect of the journal article is that it teaches folksingers the history of the songs the love to sing. As discussed by Fowke (345), all the musician-transcribers state the freestyle of the singing and the complexity of representing the tune in traditional musical notation. Since folksingers vary the tune from stanza to stanza, frequently changes the rhythm from phrase to phrase, and, at times, decorates the tune with countless grace notes, it is not possible to note the music with total accuracy. The most excellent way to study how the songs were, in fact, sung is to pay attention to recordings of customary singers. Fowke’s assessment of the sociological data is generally sound, in

Should school teach sexual education in their curriculm Essay

Should school teach sexual education in their curriculm - Essay Example (Meston & Buss, 2007: 477) Nature has always been kind and benevolent to humans, and is well aware of all their spiritual, mental, physical and sexual needs and desires. Consequently, it has invented the ways to satisfy these desires in an adequate manner. Since man also seeks food for his spiritual needs, religious beliefs provide him the same in order to lead a mentally tranquil and peaceful life. Similarly, religious teachings are not confined to code of worship only; on the contrary, religions also define the methods to lead a respectable, contented and pious life. As a result, almost all existing religions recommend etiquettes to get involved into sexual union for the physical gratification on the one hand, and for the fulfillment of reproduction process on the other. Here the question arises how man should teach the young ones regarding the sexual desires growing in their minds along with the growth of their physique. Hence, there appears the question of providing of sex educat ion at school level in order to keep the teenagers well aware of this very imperative aspect of individual, collective and social life. The debate regarding the inclusion of sex education in the class curriculum has always been in vogue for the last many decades. However, being one of the most controversial issues, no decision has been made by the educationalists and administrators towards this direction as yet. Somehow, growing deviant behaviors, perversion and the creation of subsequent social problems including chemical dependency and single motherhood etc among the adolescents have appeared to be grave challenges for the societies. Eventually, the authorities look under obligation in respect of taking necessary actions towards this direction for the betterment, welfare, safety and protection of the minds and health of this innocent stratum of society. Sex education is one of the most controversial issues in education, which has been hovering over educational institutions since a ges. It is probably the most controversial topic, which will always have a divided opinion. Some people will always agree and some will always disagree. (Quoted in buzzle.com) Somehow, society still looks to be divided on this issue, and the educationalists are at the perplexed state of affairs regarding the introduction of sex education at schools. The people opposing the inclusion of sexual education as the part of curriculum take the plea that detailed description of sexual activities in the classroom will encourage the students to ask several questions about sex from teachers in the presence of the students of same and opposite genders, which will enhance the scale of frankness to the extent of vulgarity in the real sense. Since the hesitation regarding discussing this attractive topic will be removed from the minds of students belonging to lower grades, they will start getting involved into these activities in a practical way because of the removal of hesitation regarding the i ssue. Consequently, teaching the sexual lessons at school level may increase the probability of sexual relations between the school students. Furthermore, the stratum criticizing the providing of sex education argues that since they have also studied at school without getting sex education, it will be quite

Reflective Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Reflective Journal - Essay Example opriate knowledge to gain as there has been increased need to understand how governments align the expectation of the public with regards to healthcare and the ability of such governments to fund these services. With focus on the Australia, it was appreciated that the government, including state and local governments, is the largest sponsor of healthcare services (Armstrong et al., 2007). Out of pocket contributions are also considerable. The private sector contributes minimally to funding for the aged care and health services. In a similar manner, the government largely funds care for the aged, with support from market oriented players, charitable organisations and informal care systems. Therefore, these findings support my earlier postulate that the government largely finances the healthcare services for Australian people. The private sector contributes to a small extent to this course. This indicates how critical healthcare is to the nation that it cannot be risked to the hands of private individuals. However, this could further indicate how great a burden the people of Australia bear in terms of catering for their healthcare and caring for the aged. Whereas it is appreciated that the government is the largest financier of healthcare system, it still sources such funds from the public through taxation. In essence, this means that the people of Australia fund their own healthcare. This gives them the power to demand for better healthcare services including care for the aged. The appreciation of this argument has seen various governments carry out reforms on healthcare management. Such reforms would normally be based on a forecast of future clinical developments. The ‘Tragedy of the Commons’ was a critical analogy to draw example from. This postulated that individual decisions on increasing herds of cattle had common economic cost to the whole community then. As such, individual freedom had communal price to pay, thus the establishment of guidelines to govern

Muriel Tipalet Cigar Advertisement

Muriel Tipalet Cigar Advertisement This Examined essay analyzes an advertisement of Muriel Tiplat Cigar , with the use of semiotics and stereotyping , the start of this analysis will emphasis on semiotics by showing the process of connotation in the advertisement leading to the identifying of the signs used ( indexical , arbitrary , iconic ) and by connecting them to Barthes mythologies further to how combining these signs creates a cultural paradigm , in addition to this analysis will show how syntagmatic relations in an advertisement have a significant role in invoking the audience. subsequently an analysis on the same advertisement by the use of stereo typing will be conducted relating both on how they affect the consumer visual abstract of the product with the conclusion of how booth aspects have positively and negatively affected the foreplay of the advertisement not to mention the cultural significant role of the timeline which the advertisement was produced at â€Å"1970† .Books and journals are the primary sources of this coursework essay where as Internet is a secondary source, this essay is a research essay relying on accurate facts with adequate referencing. Introduction: â€Å"Advertisers in general bear a large part of the responsibility for the deep feelings of inadequacy that drive women to psychiatrists, pills, or the bottle. (Marya Mannes,But Will It Sell?: 1964) If a woman is reading the above statement she couldnt agree any less, the shrewd words of the American writer and critic Mannes have ironically drawn how media affects our lives, critics and commenters from every discipline have seized with advertisings potential power. It has been called â€Å" the most potent influence in adapting and changing habits and modes of life , affecting what we eat and the work and play for the whole nation. â€Å"(Fox, 1984, p.97) particularly women and especially through advertisement. advertising are predisposed to follow basic format: a slogan, striking image, drawing. Anything that would grasp peoples attention, the body of an advertisement contains factual information about the product or the purpose of the ad where as the logo reinforces the brand /companies identity, even though we may look at an advertisement for two seconds it leaves a mark in our minds and attaches us somehow to the brand or the product. But when analyzing on a much deeper visual level, an analyses must use a deeper perspective and in this analysis Semiotic and stereotype approach is going to be applied. â€Å"Semiotics; Semiology is the study of signs, or of the social production of meaning by sign systems, of how things come to significance† Semiotics, or semiology, is usually traced back to Swiss linguistFerdinand de Saussure, American philosopherCharles Sanders Peirce and French linguist Roland Barthes.† (TMSB, 2006, P: 12) All signs have two aspects: thesignifierand thesignified. The signifier is any material thing that signifies, for example words on a page, a facial expression, a picture, a bit of graffiti. The signified is the concept that a signifier refers to (Kevelson;1977,72 ). The basic, most essential form of sign, that is, of the relation of signifier to signified, isdenotation nearly, the factual meaning of a sign. But semiotics starts to get appealing when it exploresconnotation which involve signifying signs, signs that become the signifier for a second signified, and this is how advertising appeal to us. Using the below advertising a semiotic and stereotyping analysis is going to undertake; this advertisement is the publication of Muriel Tipalet cigar. Date of Publishing: 1970.[1] Semiotic Approach: This advertisement rather playfully foregrounds the process of connotation. One of the first things that catch many peoples eyes when they look at this ad is the smoke which is an indexical sign (a sign where the signifier is caused by the signified) which is the cigar. This image, combined with the words (arbitrary sign) on it,denotes, a sexual indication between the man smoking the cigar and the women, this way to attract â€Å"male audience† and using that when the women inhales the smoke of the Tipalet cigar shell follow him anywhere. In addition to the use of the iconic signs the photos of both the man and women resembling and combing it with â€Å"Barthes Mythologies: that every man should be with a glamorous woman and every woman should be glamorous.† (TMSB, 2006, P: 22) In addition to that the rich attractive description of the cigar at the right bottom of the ad attracts audience especially in using words like â€Å"Delicious in taste, in aroma â€Å"(symbolic signs).The use of colors as well is eye catching the yellow background with the colorful cigar packs; this definitely draws more attention to the advertisement and works as a foreplay of convincing the consumer to buy this product. Jointly, all these signs suggesting cigar, sexual relationships form a cultural paradigm, collection of signs which appeal to each other because they are culturally, or paradigmatically, related; Actually putting together two or more elements from a paradigm normally invokes, in the viewers mind. â€Å"With the exception of advertisements that actually give us factual information about a product that we dont already know plugging a product into culturally desirable paradigms, encouraging us to connotatively associate a product with other things we value, is the basic strategy of almost all brand-name product advertising today†(Jones,1999,115).As its shown in this ad the combining of the iconic, arbitrary and indexical signs is a way of persuasiveness, and this is why the ad must rely on another kind of semiotic structure besides paradigmatic relations to make its message work, using syntagmatic relations, If paradigmatic relations make meaning by way of shared cultural associations, women à   men à   relationships then syntagmatic relations are those in which the sequence of signs creates meaning. The cleverness in this ad is the establishment of avisualsequence that builds a clear relationship to reality and connects a pack of cigars to a lifetime situation but yet with their â€Å"product† the man is assured to get what he wants (the women), And thus, the advertisers are capable to relate their Cigars, not only with paradigms of relationships, life, sex, but with amazingly taste and satisfaction as well. Stereotype approach: Visual representation of reality, as seen through mass media, is accredited by sociologists to be significant in shaping peoples views of the world. Our everyday realities are expressed mostly by what we see in the media. The role of advertising in this construal of reality is crucial. The target audiences self-identification with the images being a basic condition for an advertisements effectiveness, makes advertising one of the most important factors in the building of behavior models and values systems. â€Å"Media stereotypes are inevitable, especially in the advertising, entertainment and news industries, which need as wide an audience as possible to quickly understand information. Stereotypes act like codes that give audiences a quick, common understanding of a person or group of people ;usually relating to their class, ethnicity or race, gender, sexual orientation, social role or occupation† ( Media Awerness:2009) Gender stereotypes in society, reflected in advertising, are so familiar we hardly notice them: v The male ‘hunk, pursuer of women v The female ‘babe, seductress v The father wage earner head of the household v The housewife/mother figure protector of home and children The following table shows how common stereotypes relate and affect to Muriel Tipalet Cigars Ad/Consumer: Common and Related Stereotype. Relation to the Muriel Ad and Advertisement Generally. Influence on the consumer. Women are dependent on men. In the advertisement you can see by the use of the quote â€Å"blow in her face and shell follow you anywhere â€Å"that the man is holding the dominant role and upon his order, shell follow. â€Å"Its like women are treated like children; In 1973-1974 study by Erving goffman he concludes that women are weekend by advertising portrayals in the 1970s, ads are highly ritualized versions of the parent-child relationship, with women treated largely as children and that is diminishment damaging† (Goffman:1979,27) It creates a dilemma of temptation to the Male consumer, since every man wants women to follow his lead and demands. A good way to attract the male consumer rather than the female consumer. Women are beautiful and are sex objects. In the advertisement the female used in the image is a beautiful brunette with the perfect â€Å"media† image: In more sense â€Å"Portrayals of women in advertising are not potentially debilitating and demanding, they are also inaccurate. We dont have demography of demigoddesses. Women today (and during the time frame of many of the research studies) are considerably more than flawless decorative objects , depended upon or defined by men† (Creedon:1993,201) A good way to attract male consumers and convince where as it creates a social conflict to the female society and their need to be appealing to me, living up to the standards of these beautiful women in advertisements. Cigarettes make you â€Å"Hip† or â€Å" Interesting â€Å" â€Å"Within two avenues of advertising, tobacco and alcohol product marketing, there are a variety of layered issues surfaced in ad imagery. Gender representation and roles, values of age and class, representations of race, political and sexual orientation, fashion, sexuality, health and disease, drugs, fetishism, exoticism and colonialism are but a smattering of issues raised in these two categories of advertising. Not surprisingly, these advertisements are targeted towards a large consumer group, one might say toward society at large, since their effect is to teach children how to be as adults, to suggest to adults how to be hip, and to show seniors how hip they once were and could still be. This is not to say that all groups are pictured in these advertisements. But all groups can have associations through them, wanting to be like those consuming glamorously, even though reality may be that the purchasing consumer may not be of the same ethnic type, physical build, gender, or so cial status of the figure experiencing pleasure in the advertisement.†( Gender Issues in Visual Media : David Jacobs) Everyone is craving for the long lasting young hip life , so by giving the assumption that the Muriel Cigarette will grant that in a way , it will attract consumers on a wider range and age group. Every man should be masculine. The look on the man face in the Muriel advertising indicates, the mysterious , attractive guy: A way of suggesting that not only women should be attractive but men as well.† The Traditional role as ‘a man as masculine and the women as feminine is constantly reinforced in Advertising. To attract consumers as the cigar will make them more attractive to women , and that these cigars will enhance his look-wise role in the society. Men are dominant over women. Males are depicted as ‘authority figures in 60% of commercials. Women were used in 21% of Radio Advertising for voice overs.(Ref) In this Cigar the dominance of the male character is shown by the use of the slogan â€Å"blow in her face and shell follow you anywhere â€Å" its giving the male the suggestion of empowerment over the women and by that its combing both the stereotype of the dominance of the male and the sexual aspect of female , concluding by the abidance of the female to the male . Not to mention the cultural paradigm this advertising was published at 1970, where women still didnt have their voice empowered over the media . A way to attract male consumer into giving them the suggestion that these cigar will give you the dominance over women , and that will follow you around . Conclusion: â€Å"It must be said that without advertising we would have a far different nation, and one that would be much the poorer-not merely in material commodities, but in the life of the spirit.† (Leo Burnett on the American Association or Advertising Agencies 50th anniversary, April 20,1967) To conclude, media analysis is systematic and objective, it begins by defining a set of signs and decode them to a cultural system and interpret them to how the audience is addressed particularly in advertising (Grossberg: 1998, 156), in addition to that semiotic emphasizes that our perception of reality itself is constructed and shaped by the words and the signs we use, We are nurtured daily with the male and female stereotype so it is no wonder that we react with fear or shock or disbelief or unacceptance when we dont see the typical male or female stereotype. The Advertising Industry continues to follow rigid stereotypes because we are brought up with them and it is too difficult to exert something different than the accepted stereotype. whether we admit it or not we re using semiotics and stereotyping in every second that is passing. In addition to the fact that â€Å" There is a constant presence of media in our everyday lives , as we switch in and out , on and off , from one media space to one media connection to another , from radio , to newspaper , to telephone . From television, to Hi-fi, to Internet, in pubic, in private, alone and with others† (Silverstone, 1999, P: 6). â€Å"We cannot evade media presence, media representation. We have come to depend on our media , both printed and electronic , for pleasures and information , for comfort and security , for some sense of the continuities of experience and from time to time also for the intensities of experience†(Silverstone,1999,P:1/2) Bibliography: Books: 1. Branston, G / Stafford, R. 2006, The Medias Student Book, 4th edition, originally published on 1996, London and New York, Routledge. 2. Grossberg, L/ Wartella, E / Whitney, D, 1998, Media Making: Mass Media in a Popular Culture, London, Sage. 3. Silverstone R, 1999, Why Study the Media, London, Sage. Internet: 4. Quote Garden, Quotes about Advertising, Marya Mannes, 1964. http://www.quotegarden.com/advertising.html 5. Streeter T , University of Vermont ( 18th april/2005) http://www.uvm.edu/~tstreete/semiotics_and_ads/the_sign.html 6. Alouette, Amazing old fashioned advertisement, June 26th /2007. http://www.unsoughtinput.com/index.php/2007/06/26/amusing-old-fashioned- advertisements-cigarette-ads/ [1] Alouette, Amazing old fashioned advertisement, June 26th /2007.(Date Accessed : 31st Oct /2009) http://www.unsoughtinput.com/index.php/2007/06/26/amusing-old-fashioned-advertisements-cigarette-ads/

Free Great Gatsby Essays: The Ideal Self †Made Man :: Great Gatsby Essays

The Great Gatsby and the Ideal Self – Made Man In the same way that the all-embracing concept of the American Dream suffered certain degradation during the course of its historical development, so, too, the noble 19th century ideal of the self-made man was conveniently adapted to suit the moral climate of the 1920s. Referring to Fitzgerald's main character in his novel "The Great Gatsby", the young James Gatz is obviously modeled in this aspect of personality upon Benjamin Franklin (1706 - 1790), who is often quoted as the earliest example of this particular type of "homo americanus". As the youngster of a big family he soon went to work for his father, at the age of only ten after only two years of schooling. After his apprenticeship as a printer he concentrated on educating himself trough reading. In 1818 Franklin's "Autobiography" was published, which contains various enumerations of moral virtues he met with in his reading to arrive at moral perfection. His intention was to acquire the habitude of all these virtues, so he found it better not to distract his attention by attempting the whole at once, but to fix on one of them at a time, and if he should be master of that, he would proceed to another, and so on, till he should have gone trough them. These names of virtues, with their precepts, were: Temperance Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation. Silence Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation. Order Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time. Resolution Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve. Frugality Make no expense but do good to others or yourself; i.e. waste nothing. Industry Lose no time; be always employed in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions. Sincerity Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly. Justice Wrong none by doing injuries, or committing the benefits that are your duty. Moderation Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve. Cleanliness Tolerate no uncleanliness in body, clothes, or habitation. Tranquility Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable. Chastity Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness, or the injury of your own or another's peace or reputation.