Essay a.p euro greek dbq free essay sample

Greek country. † Claude accepted the Greeks reserved each option to revolt and ought to be given help from the remainder of Europe on the grounds that the Ottomans had wronged technical studies, expressions of the human experience, and mankind of Greece (doc 3). A French etching, Greece Sacrificed, by A. Regnier demonstrated that the Ottoman government authorities would even ventures to such an extreme as to execute Greek families, that comprised of starving Christian ladies and scared kids (Doc11). Be that as it may, there were numerous who contradicted the upheaval and for them the Greeks were a lower type of society. Alexandros Kalphoglou composed a sonnet portraying the Greeks as frail impersonations of the Frenchman. â€Å"Do not go to Church, for they have French edification. They state, we have books and French romances,† he composed depicting the brain of a typical Greek resident (doc 4). In a letter to his English companion, James Dallaway, depicted Greeks as †The lower positions are the merriest animals, comprehensible, however are dishonest, and alert to each advantage,† and in his eyes a solid force was expected to keep the Greeks in line (doc 5). We will compose a custom article test on Article a.p euro greek dbq or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page A Turkish commonplace representative, Vahid Pasha depicted the Greek revolutionists as just â€Å", this insurgency was as a matter of fact boozers (O its lewdness! ) improperly wandering about and cheering. † Without a higher request the residents of Greece were just boozers to the Turks (doc 9). Despite the fact that the Greeks were exposed to a ton of wrong doing on account of the Turks the Ottomans accepted their activities were advocated. This contention between the Turks and the Greeks finished in 1828 when the Greeks picked up freedom. It was just conceivable to topple a realm as a huge as the Ottoman Empire with wide based help from various European nations. Anyway the perspectives on the Greek’s expectations of freedom had uncommon contrasts between the individuals who restricted and the individuals who didn’t contradict the upset.

Michelle Obama should be in 2010 Time Magezine Essay

Michelle Obama ought to be in 2010 Time Magezine - Essay Example A ton of the analysis of Michelle originates from individuals who look to vilify her significant other. It is all governmental issues. They see Michelle as a sort of radical who bolstered dark patriotism in her childhood. These cartoons are hostile and do an injury to American political talk. By the by, they structure some portion of the foundation commotion that follows Michelle and the Obama organization. There are as yet the individuals who might utilize racial issues to separate us, regardless of the amount Michelle and her better half have transcended these issues and enlivened the nation. Michelle has various phenomenal activities to which she commits a lot of time. In acknowledgment of her sacrificial work in the interest of these reason she ought to be one of Time Magazine's Most Influential People. Perhaps the greatest achievement has been to help military families. America is as of now occupied with two wars. One in Afghanistan and one in Iraq. Both of these contentions neg atively affect America's battling people. Relatives are away for quite a long time at once training for deployment, away from their companions and kids. They are consistently in hurts way; relatives are continually hanging tight alongside the telephone for the feared call. Their families need support. This is probably the best thing that Michelle does. She advances and enables military families and assists with guaranteeing that they to get the regard that they so lavishly merit.

Driving Ireland’s Ring of Kerry Maps and Complete Guide

Driving Ireland’s Ring of Kerry Maps and Complete Guide SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The pleasant Ring of Kerry is a circling street on the west shoreline of Ireland. It wanders along the shoreline of County Kerry, an immaculate region acclaimed for its spectacular regular excellence. Local people and explorers the same rush to the Ring of Kerry for clearing perspectives on mountains, lakes, cascades, and the North Atlantic. En route, you’ll see palaces, convent demolishes, and stones hovers dating as far back as 2,200 BC! That’s a ton of mankind's history. I can unquestionably say that the Ring of Kerry was the most stunning street I’ve ever determined on in my life. To assist you with having the equivalent paramount experience, I’ve accumulated all the stops of enthusiasm along the Ring, alongside maps to enable you to explore. Peruse on for your total manual for Ireland’s remarkable Ring of Kerry! Guide of the Ring of Kerry As should be obvious on this Ring of Kerry map, you could drive the whole circle straight through in just three and a half hours. The Ring of Kerry is a 1 mile (179 km) seaside street around Ireland’s Iveragh Peninsula. In fact, the Ring of Kerry is the horseshoe-molded N70, however you can take a connecting street, the N72, to make a full circle starting and consummation in the town of Killarney. This shut circle covers 133 miles (214 km) altogether. Due to its area on the landlocked finish of the promontory, Killarney is a mainstream base for voyagers driving the Ring of Kerry. If you somehow managed to drive legitimately around the Ring, you could finish the drive in only three and a half hours. All things considered, however, you should put aside in any event six to seven hours to make stops en route, if not longer. In the event that you need to take side excursions or investigate all the sights along the course, at that point you could transform the Ring into an a multi day excursion, remaining for the time being in one of the towns, as Waterville or Kenmare. Notwithstanding heading over to see manors, Celtic vestiges, post focuses, and well disposed bovines and sheep, you could likewise go climbing, biking, or horseback riding. A famous day trip likewise takes you out to the Skellig Islands. The bigger of the islands, Skellig Michaels, is popular for its sixth century ruins, which were highlighted in Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Before getting into all the sights along the Ring of Kerry, let’s turn out how to go along the street. Would it be a good idea for you to jump on a visit transport or lease a vehicle and drive yourself? Going on the Ring of Kerry: Tour Bus versus Vehicle There are two alternatives for driving the Ring of Kerry: visit transport or vehicle. A few transport organizations are accessible for day outings, or you can without much of a stretch explore the course yourself (it is a circle, all things considered). Here’s what you have to think about the two alternatives. Alternative 1: Take a Bus Around the Ring of Kerry Most Ring of Kerry visit transports start in Killarney. In the event that you’re beginning your Ireland trip in Dublin, you can likewise purchase bundles that incorporate a train ticket from Dublin to Killarney and following day visit transport. The two most exceptionally evaluated organizations are Deros Coach Tours and O’Connell Day Tours. A day visit costs about $25. The transports will make a couple of stops en route for you to investigate sights and take photos, in addition to a lunch stop. With everything taken into account, a Ring of Kerry visit on a transport endures about 6.5 hours. One significant thing to take note of the transports consistently drive counter-clockwise along the Ring. They start in Killarney and afterward head northwest to Killorglin. Presently let’s take a gander at the other choice (and the one that I picked), driving the Ring of Kerry. Visit transports drive counter-clockwise on the Ring of Kerry. Choice 2: Drive Around the Ring of Kerry Your other choice is to drive. I very much wanted driving, as it let my companion and I go at our own pace and pull over at whatever point we detected an astonishing perspective, which was amazingly frequently. We experienced no difficulty leasing a vehicle in Ireland. We leased the vehicle online from Dooley Car Rentals and got it the Dublin air terminal. There are additionally rental vehicle organizations based out of Killarney. The main uncommon piece of the tenant contract is that US voyagers need to purchase extra vehicle protection. On the off chance that you’re leasing a vehicle in most different nations, your standard vehicle protection will stretch out to the rental. While driving lets you take as much time as is needed and make stops spontaneously, it comes with a huge additional test for US drivers: you need to change in accordance with driving on the left half of the street! From the outset, this course of action caused my mind to feel like it was doing reverse somersaults, in addition to I continued driving excessively far to one side. As a matter of fact, my companion was the better left-side driver of both of us, however I slowly became accustomed to it, as well. For whatever length of time that you remain centered, you shouldn’t experience a lot of difficulty doing the switch. As I referenced above, transports go counter-clockwise along the Ring of Kerry. On the off chance that you’re driving, would it be a good idea for you to go a similar way as the transports or the contrary way? Make sure to drive on the left half of the street! Fred Zhang/All rights saved Which Direction Should You Drive on the Ring of Kerry? Would it be a good idea for you to drive with the transports or against them? That all relies upon how certain you feel driving. On the off chance that you drive the other way of the Ring of Kerry visit transports, at that point you may need to manage passing them. As the street can get limited and have steep drop-offs at the edge, this may be an unwanted additional test. On the off chance that you don’t need to manage passing visit transports on a thin street, at that point you ought to go counter-clockwise. Then again, driving with the transports implies that you may stall out behind one of them. Gazing at the rear of a transport for the vast majority of your drive could damage the view a piece. In the event that you’d rather not stall out behind a visit transport, at that point you ought to most likely pick the clockwise course! For the motivations behind this guide, I’ll present the stops in the counter-clockwise heading, a similar way that the transports go. In the event that you choose to go the other way, at that point simply look down and read this guide in reverse. Presently that we’ve secured transportation, let’s turn out the entirety of the fascinating spots and things you’ll pass on the drive, beginning with a Ring of Kerry map. Ring of Kerry Map: All the Stops Along the Way Here’s the full Ring of Kerry map with pins for each stop. Snap on every one for its full location, and look down to study each stop! Since there are loads of focal points, I’ll give a few recommendations to the best ones toward the finish of this guide. You can likewise design your outing around your own advantages, regardless of whether you need to invest all your energy shooting mansions, climbing up mountains, or shopping in all the towns en route. Whatever you pick, you truly can’t turn out badly. The drive itself is probably the best feature of all! Since the vast majority of the Ring is remote, I’d recommend utilizing a GPS, pre-stacking your bearings into Google Maps, as well as downloading a navigational application that works disconnected, as Here WeGo. You’ll need to download Ring of Kerry maps before you leave, however then you ought to have the option to connect headings disconnected. Wherever you stay will most likely additionally give you bearings as our forefathers would have done it with a paper guide of the Ring of Kerry and circles around the spots of intrigue. When in doubt, simply continue driving. The Ring of Kerry is a ring, all things considered. Driving the Ring of Kerry: Full Guide A great many people start and end their Ring of Kerry venture in the town of Killarney, so let’s start there. There are loads of Kerry lodgings in Killarney, in addition to different inns in Kerry towns en route. The following is the full rundown of stops along the Ring of Kerry. Snap on a stop to go to it straightforwardly, or simply read on to gain proficiency with about the dynamite stops you'll experience driving counter-clockwise on the Ring. Killarney Hole of Dunloe Kate Kearney's Cottage Beaufort Kerry Woolen Mills Killorglin Kerry Bog Village Museum Glenbeigh Cahirciveen Ballycarbery Castle Portmagee Skellig Islands: Skellig Michaels and Little Skellig Valentia Island St. Finian's Bay Balinskelligs Waterville Eightercua Stones Loher Stone Fort Derrynane Caherdaniel Castlecove Beach Staigue Fort Sneem Dunkerron Castle Kenmare Moll's Gap Killarney National Park Women View Torc Waterfall Muckross House Muckross Abbey Blue Pool Nature Reserve Ross Castle Innisfallen Island Presently how about we investigate all the stops along the Ring of Kerry, beginning with the most well known beginning stage, the town of Killarney. #1: Killarney Killarney is a brilliant unassuming community that seems as though it was culled out of the nineteenth century. As a well known goal, it effectively keeps up its memorable appeal. Indeed, the Killarney town board restricted plastic store signs during the 1980s with the goal that the town would hold its really, antiquated look. While there are a few extraordinary Ring of Kerry locates inside a ten to brief drive of Killarney-like Ross Castle, Muckross House, and Muckross Abbey-the town itself shouldn’t be neglected. Killarney probably won't knock your socks off like the Ring of Kerry scene, however it has heaps of pleasant eateries, bars, shops, and exhibitions. Eateries in Killarney You’ll discover an assortment of eateries, from customary Irish bars to Thai and Mexican food. A portion of the top cafés around are Rozzer’s, Bricin, Mareena’s Simply Food, Quinlans Seafood, Hannigan’s, and the Yew Tree. Before I visited Ireland, I’d heard for the most part negative audits of its food. I saw the specific inverse as evident, with bunches of present day eateries and heavenly food from everywhere throughout the world. Bars in Killarney While I heard negative things about Ireland’s cooking, I heard heavenly audits of its brew. That notoriety was absolutely precise; both the brew and juice are high-caliber and simple to discover. Some incredible bars in Killarney are O’Conn

Devolution of Local Government in the Philippines - Free Essay Example

DECENTRALIZATION AND DEMOCRATIZATION In the later part of the 20th Century there has been a dramatic shift in the manner governments around the world managed their states. Instead of having a centralized form of government, most nation nation-state now somehow adopts the idea of shifting some of the national or central powers to the local government units. This shifting of powers is called Decentralization. Decentralization is the transfer of planning, decision making, or administrative authority from the central government to its field organizations, local governments, and nongovernmental organizations as defined by Rondinellei and Cheema. According to de Guzman and Padilla, decentralization is the dispersal of authority and responsibility and the allocation of powers and functions from the center or top level of government to regional bodies or special purpose authorities, or from the national to the sub national levels of government. Decentralization is a strategy used by th e government towards democratizing the political system and accelerating the attainment of sustainable development†[1] for the reason that it will promote or allow fuller participation of the citizens in government affairs and will give the local governments and the communities a more active role in the economic, social and political development [2]. Government further assumes that through decentralization â€Å"development would be more responsive to the needs of the people and would create opportunities in the regions, promote employment and economic activities and as well strengthen people’s participation in the affairs of the government†[3]. Different forms of decentralization can be distinguished primarily in terms of the extent of authority transferred and the amount of autonomy. Decentralization may take the form of devolution and deconcentration. Deconcentration involves the â€Å"redistribution of administrative responsibilities only within the ce ntral government†[4]. It is not a transfer of power from the central government but merely to â€Å"delegate such powers and responsibilities to the hierarchical levels, primarily to facilitate the administration of national programs and services, and this approach is otherwise referred to as administrative decentralization†[5]. Administrative decentralization can take effect without the necessity of legislation but with the issuance of an executive or administrative order. Although the local units now have responsibilities bestowed to them, they are still supervised and controlled the central government; therefore all transactions cannot be done unless approved by the central government. They are not to decide on their own. Deconcentration is the assignment of functions to ad hoc bodies and special authorities created in the region to render technical assistance on regional development. This could be done in different ways: 1) the shifting of the workload from a central government ministry or agency headquarters to its own field staff located in offices outside the national capital. 2) The transfer of some decision-making discretion to field staffs but with guidelines set by the central ministry. 3) Local administration, in which all subordinate levels of government within a country are agents of central authority, usually the executive branch[6]. Another form of decentralization is delegation or the transfer of some functions to semi-autonomous organization not directly under the control of the central government. Often these organizations have semi-independent authority to perform their responsibilities and may not even be located within the regular government structure[7]. This form is more definitely extensive than administrative deconcentration. Examples are public corporation, regional planning and development authorities, multi purpose and single purpose functional authorities and special project implementation units. Devolutio n, on the other hand, â€Å"seeks to create or strengthen independent levels or units of government through giving them certain functions or create units of government that are outside its control[8]. It is also called as â€Å"political decentralization and involves the transfer of power, responsibility and resources for the performance of certain functions from the national to the local governments†[9]. Its fundamental characteristics are: a. Local government units (LGU’s) are autonomous, independent and learly perceived as a separate level of government over which central authorities exercise little or no direct control. b. LGU’s have clear and legally recognized geographical boundaries within which they exercise authority and perform public functions. c. LGU’s have corporate status and have the power to secure resources to perform the function. Lastly, d. Devolution implies the needs to develop local governments as institutions. This is an arrangemen t in which there is reciprocal relationship between central and local governments. The LGU’s has the ability to interact reciprocally with other units in the system of government of which it is part. Lastly, Nongovernmental Organizations (NGO) and Community Organizations is used to â€Å"decongest the government by mobilizing the NGOs and COs for planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of government programs which will make government actions more responsive to the needs and demands of those who truly deserve government assistance and may minimize graft and corruption while injecting cause-orientedness in the bureaucracy†[10] There are mixed motives and causes of the shift to decentralization worldwide, primarily politically driven. Some commonly sited reasons are democratization increases efficiency and economic growth, improves supply and delivery of local services, vested interests of national politicians, preservation of national political systems in the face of growing local demands and general failure of centrist experiments. In the case of the Philippines, of the four given forms of decentralization, devolution is the prevalent form of decentralization used by the government. Decentralization and democratization tend to reinforce each other; decentralization is a factor in increasing democratization while successful decentralization can only take place with democratic process. To a certain extent, that is what the devolution and the local autonomy is all about: unleashing the creative powers and resources at the local level towards the general objective of developing of self-reliance and lessen dependence upon the central government which after all has been one reason for the state of nderdevelopment of local government unit in the Philippines. Indeed, local governments in the Philippines are undergoing a fundamental structural and ideological transformation as a result of the devolution in 1991. This transformation wi ll be better appreciated within the context of decentralization, democratization and local empowerment. THE EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AND CENTRAL- LOCAL RELATIONS: FROM PRECOLONIAL BARANGAY TO THE 1991 LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE Although it is commonly assumed that the decentralization process in the Philippines is a complete break from the overly centralized past, evidences show that â€Å"the so-called landmark LGC of 1991 is not an abrupt break from the past but a result of a long struggle for decentralization and local autonomy. [11]† According to Hutchcroft, scholars viewed the Philippine public administration as â€Å"over centralized because they tend to concentrate far more attention to formal structures of authority than on informal networks of power†[12]. But looking back in time, â€Å"before the arrival of Arab traders, scholars and the Spaniards in the sixteenth century, everything was local. † â€Å"The ancestors of the Filipinos established an indigenous and autonomous political institution known as the barangay, which was composed of some thirty to one hundred households. Some of these small-scale political units were clustered together, but most of them ‘had not attained a level of political organization above and beyond the kinship principle. †[13] When the Spanish colonizers came, they introduced â€Å"a centralized system with the Spanish governor-general as the supreme authority in all matters†[14] with the â€Å"subnational officials acting as his agents†[15]. The barangay (renamed as barrio) remained as basic administrative units but other ties of local government were added: â€Å"the pueblos (municipalities), cabildos (cities), and provincias (provinces). †[16] Local discretion in the governance of local affairs was allowed only towards the end of the Spanish regime. The Maura Law of 1893 sought reforms in the local government system by granting greater local au tonomy to towns and provinces in Luzon and Visayas and by allowing local citizens to select some of their officials. †[17] But because of the Philippine Revolution which shortly followed in 1898, these reforms did not make much impact at all. According to Tapales, the Spanish period had impacts, however, on the development of local governments in the Philippines. â€Å"First, indigenous activities were supplanted by putting in place an alien system of local government. Second, a high degree of centralization in the capital of Manila in Luzon came to characterize national-local relations for another century after the Spanish colonization. Third, the divide-and-rule policy of Spanish colonizers, their concentration of all political activities in Manila and the ensuing neglect of the other regions outside Manila, and the curtailment of many elements of internal trade strengthened regionalism and the other regions’ contempt for the center, which remain strong until toda y. Fourth, at the end of Spanish rule, there were still areas in the Philippines that considered themselves not part of the emerging nation at all which was because the Spaniards were unsuccessful in consolidating all the islands under their control. And finally, the Spanish period left local elite that would continue to play important roles in the decades ahead. The datu in the Philippines were incorporated into the Spanish colonial regime. They were dependent upon Spanish patronage and support but they also exercised considerable powers in the local areas. †[18] In 1898, against the backdrop of the Philippine Revolution against Spain, the first but short lived Philippine Republic under the Malolos Constitution was established. Officials were elected on a popular basis and decentralization and administrative autonomy were among the rallying cries of the period. [19] The Malolos Constitution which served as the framework of the Philippine revolutionary government, provid ed for the creation of municipal and provincial assemblies, autonomous local units, and popular and direct elections. [20] The American occupation of the Philippines (1902-1935) saw the promulgation f a number of policies promoting local autonomy. These included the organization of municipal and provincial councils based on general suffrage. Other pronouncements indicative of the thrust towards local autonomy included the following: the Instructions of President McKinley to the Taft Commission; the incorporation of the City of Manila (Act 183 of the Philippine Commission in 1902); the establishment of the Moro Province (act 787 in 1903); the organization of provincial governments (Act 1396 in 1905); and the extension of popular control, like the elimination of appointive members from the provincial board. 21] The American colonial period began with an emphasis on local self-government with the aim of building democracy from below. Municipal and then provincial elections were first i ntroduced before national elections. However, American administrators discovered that Filipino elites who came to fill posts in municipal governments â€Å"where regularly ‘mishandling public funds’ by voting all available revenue to pay for their own salaries. [22] Concerned with inefficiency and corruption in local governance, Americans tinkered with the liberal democratic system they introduced by moving toward centralization to prevent the â€Å"evils† of unrestricted and â€Å"untutored† Filipino rule. While the United States attempted to institute a new system, it ended up preserving much of the informal power structure and in ruling through the ilustrado and cacique classes. Like their Spanish predecessors and other colonial regimes in South East Asia, American administrators allowed the cooperative elements of the Filipino elite an increasingly larger role in government for expediency purposes. But in the process, they turned a blind eye on the local elite who â€Å"enriched themselves at the expense of the peasants and increased their traditional power within the local communities. [23] In spite of the enactment of the above-mentioned policies purportedly supportive of local autonomy, the Americans maintained a highly centralized politico-administrative structure. Largely because of security considerations, local affairs had to be under the control of the Americans. The Commonwealth period (1935-1946) saw local government in the Philippines placed under the general supervision of the President as provided for under Article VII Section II of the 1945 Constitution. Additionally, the President, by statute, could alter the jurisdictions of local governments and in effect, create or abolish them. [24] Ocampo and Panganiban note that the constitutional provision limiting the Presidents power to general supervision was a compromise measure substituted for the stronger guarantee of local autonomy proposed during the constitu tional convention. President Quezon preferred to appoint the chief officials of cities and would brook no democratize nonsense. [25] During the 1934 – 1935 Constitutional Convention, emerging Filipino leaders were group into two camps: those who favor stronger local government, and those who consider state control more important than local governments. The second group won. Thus, the 1935 Constitution had no separate article on local governments, in contrast with the two succeeding constitution of the Philippines. In addition, the 1935 Constitution formally created a very powerful Philippine president. Thus, the trend during the Commonwealth period, the transitional government before the granting of independence, was centralization. Aside from the state-control bias of the 1935 Constitution, some writers also attribute the centralization trend to the strong leadership style of President Manuel Quezon. Quezon believed that under a unitary system, the national chief execu tive should control all local offices. The result was that central supervision rapidly increased and was personally exercised by the president to a degree previously unheard of. However, as Hutchcroft noted, Quezon was primarily concerned with centralizing control over patronage resources. Thus, he achieved great success in establishing central-local relations aimed at electoral objectives rather than promoting administrative effectiveness. Formal centralization continued during the brief Japanese occupation (1942 – 1945). As in the case of the Spanish and American colonization of the Philippines and especially since there was a world war going on, an even greater degree of central control was imposed on local governments by the occupying power through a national government where Filipinos collaborators, still from the local elites that cooperated with the Americans, held positions. Philippine political independence was granted by the Americans in 1946. The first local autonomy act (RA 2264) was enacted in 1959, entitled, An Act Amending the Laws Governing Local Governments by Increasing their Autonomy and Reorganizing Provincial Governments. This act vested in city and municipal governments greater fiscal, planning and regulatory powers. It broadened the taxing powers of the cities and municipalities within the framework of national taxing laws. [26] The year 1959 also saw the passage of landmark legislation as afar as local autonomy is concerned. The Barrio Charter Act (RA 2370) sought to transform the barrios, the smallest political unit of the local government system into quasi-municipal corporations by vesting them some taxing powers. Barrios were to be governed by an elective barrio council. Less than a decade later, the Decentralization Act of 1967 (RA 5185) was enacted. It further increased the financial resources of local government and broadened their decision-making powers over administrative (mostly fiscal and personnel) matters. [27] More specifically, the Decentralization Act provided that it will: Grant local governments greater freedom and ampler means to respond to the needs of their people and promote prosperity and happiness to effect a more equitable and systematic distribution of governmental power and resources. To this end, local governments henceforth shall be entrusted with the performance of those functions that are more properly administered in the local level and shall be granted with as much autonomous powers and financial resources as are required in the more effective discharge of their responsibilities. [28] By any measure, the imposition of martial law in 1972, which abolished local elections and vested in the dictator the powers to appoint officials who were beholden to him, was a great setback for the local autonomy movement in the Philippines. Notwithstanding the highly centralized dictatorial set-up, the 1973 Marcos Constitution rhetorically committed itself to a policy of loc al autonomy: The State shall guarantee and promote autonomy of local government units, especially the barrio, to ensure their fullest development as self-reliant communities. [29] The document likewise constitutionalized the taxing powers of local government units thus: Each local government unit shall have the power to create its own sources of revenue and to levy taxes subject to limitations as may be provided by law. 30] However, the President continued to exercise supervision and control over the local governments. The authoritarian government promulgated the Local Government Code of 1983 (Batas Pambansa Bilang 337) which reiterated the policy of the State to guarantee and promote the autonomy of local government units to ensure their fullest development as self-reliant communities and make them effective partners in the pursuit of national development. [31] Obviously, genuine autonomy could not be realistically implemented under the authoritarian regime. 32] From the granting o f formal independence in 1946 until 1972, the general trend had been toward the decentralization. Until 1950, national executive departments made all administrative appointments at the provincial and municipal levels. However, they were generally made in consultation with the local political elite. A number of laws passed by Congress gave greater autonomy to local government through the grant of additional powers or the lessening of national control on local affairs. Significant legislative enactments include the Local Autonomy Act (Republic Act RA 2264), the Barrio Charter (RA 2370, later amended by RA 3590), and the Decentralization Act of 1967 (RA 5185). The Supreme Court also contributed to the cause of local autonomy by moving away t a liberal to a narrower interpretation of constitutional power of the president to supervise local governments. The decentralization trend culminated in the inclusion of a separate article on local government in the draft of the new constitution and the draft Integrated Reorganization Plan (IRP). The draft constitution contained provisions guaranteeing local government autonomy, local power to create their own sources of revenue and to levy taxes, greater citizens’ draft IRP, meanwhile, strengthened the regions. But under the draft law, LGUs were still supervised through the office of the President and the various departments. [33] Furthermore, central-local relations in the Philippines before the declaration of martial law in 1972 differed from other developing Asian countries that were characterized by the widespread phenomenon of tight central control at the time. According to Friedman, this difference sprang from the country’s colonial heritage and reflected formal, structural, alternatives, albeit unaccompanied by new conceptions of government. Before the 1970s the Philippines already had constitutionally differentiated provincial governments and a variety of elected governing bodies and officials at the city, municipal, and barrio levels. Friedman continued that while financial resources needed for governing were always lacking, â€Å"a complicated and politically influenced system of grants† made the Philippine local government system more autonomous than in other Asian countries. While this type of system generated its own benefits as well as problems, â€Å"the potential for continued development† that is not discernible everywhere in Asia existed in the Philippines. After the 1896 EDSA People Power Revolution toppled the Marcos dictatorship, the Philippine government headed by Corazon Aquino renewed its commitment to greater decentralization as a means of attaining its development goals and objectives. This was expressed in the goals of the new administration’s development program (â€Å"the Policy Agenda for People Oriented Development†). The program stated that the role and structure of government would be guided by the key organizatio nal principles of decentralization, among others. The administration’s commitment to achieving greater decentralization was further reinforced by the extensive provision on local autonomy in the 1987 Constitution. Article 2 (Declaration of Principles and State Policies), Section 25, says: â€Å"The State shall insure the autonomy of local governments. † There is also a separate State shall insure the autonomy of local government (Article 10) that is more extensive than its counterpart in he 1973 Constitution. Article 10 has the following very important provisions: 1. Creation of autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordillera. 2. Granting LGUs the power to create their own sources of revenue and to levy taxes which shall be automatically released to them. 3. Providing local governments with a just share of the national taxes which shall be automatically released to them. 4. Entitling local governments to an equitable shares in the proceeds of the utilization a nd development of the national wealth within their respective areas. 5. Providing for regional development councils for other similar bodies composed of local government officials, regional heads of departments and other government offices, and representatives from NGOs within the region for purposes of administrative decentralization to strengthen the autonomy of the units thereon and to accelerate the economic and social growth and development of the units in the region. [34] The provision of the 1987 Constitution would serve as the legal precedent for the enactment in 1989 of two laws creating autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras. Then, in 1991, after almost five years of debate in Congress, the Local Government Code or RA 7160 was enacted. This law is by far the most focused on devolution and democratic decentralization in the country. It is also considered the most important piece of legislation to emerge from the Aquino administration. The 1991 LGC i s a product of both external factors, although internal factors play a stronger role in terms of the actual contents of the legal basis as well as the dynamics of its implementation. Decentralization has been carried out not solely for the traditional public administration arguments but, more important, in light of its democratic dimensions and other political considerations. There are mixed motives and a conjuncture of political factors in the decision to undertake decentralization. First, there are practical and administrative reasons. For decades and peaking with Marcos’s dictatorship, a formal centralized structure failed to deliver services. This failure is especially relevant in a diverse archipelago of thousands of islands. In addition, overly centralized formal mechanisms limited prospects for development in the countryside. Second, The Philippines undertook decentralization after the overthrow of Marcos for idealistic reasons. President Aquino, civil-society gr oups, various leagues of local governments, and some national legislators genuinely felt that decentralization and local autonomy were more than administrative innovations. They were tools toward achieving democratization and vice versa. The Code was meant to be centerpiece of a government that came into power by overthrowing a dictatorship. Finally, political leaders also have personal reasons for undertaking decentralization. Obviously, traditional local politician saw the new benefits they would reap from devolution. More important, subject to the new constitution’s imposition of term limits, members of the House of the Representatives were motivated by a desire to assume local government positions in the failure in an environment where significant powers and finances have been devolved to LGUs. In terms of timing of the Code’s approval, many legislators were also motivated by a desire to get reelected or get elected to higher positions in the coming elections. Philippine politico-administrative history is replete with examples of tensions between a highly centralized governmental structure and the demands for autonomy among the various component local units: at one level, there is an imperative for a dominant and assertive leadership necessary for the consolidation and even the very survival of a weak state; at another level, there is demand among component local institutions for autonomy from the central government in order to enable them to become more responsive to situations obtaining locally and, paradoxically, strengthen a weak state. 35]Earlier historical attempts to decentralize power and authority to local institutions through various means are testimony to the fact that the problem of overcentralization is one that has been recognized but continued to persist through the years. For instance, the decentralization of administrative authority (but conspicuously unaccompanied by political decentralization) was a hallmark of the Marcos dictatorship. A Local Government Code was in fact enacted in 1983. But these attempts at decentralizing government remained simple administrative formalisms. Power continued to be concentrated in Manila with local units heavily dependent upon central government. In fact, before the enactment of the Code, local governments were beginning not only to be restive but also assertive, demanding that the umbilical cord that tied them to Manila be severed because this was the root cause behind their stunted growth and underdevelopment. With Philippines archipelagic nature, it is no wonder that the Philippine government had made lots of experiments to find the most suitable way to govern the country. The reinforcement of a centralized and decentralized  government varied from the pre-colonial barangay to the 1991 Local Government Code. A lot of factors triggered such trend variation. Aside from the countrys geographic nature, which hindered the successful consolidation of all islands under the control of one government, the public officials were not yet properly trained or educated on the implementation of governments policies and procedures to prevent unethical acts such as corruption and  red  tape. Despite of this, decentralizing the government has been the best option to effectively implement governments programs and policies, wherein the provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays of the nation enjoys local autonomy which are then generally supervised by a central government. [36]And because of a greater degree of accountability, responsiveness and participation, effective decentralization can make a big difference by making the provision of local (social and economic) services more efficient, equitable, sustainable and cost-effective. Through community participation in decision making, planning, implementation and monitoring and backed by appropriate institutions and resources, it can go a long way in improving the quality of life, pa rticularly of the poorer and marginalized sectors of the population, thereby alleviating poverty. THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM AND CHANGES BROUGHT ABOUT THE 1991 LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE The passing of RA 7160 or the Local Government Code (LGC) contain five major features which gave noteworthy supremacy to those local government units (LGUs). It transfers the responsibility for the delivery of various aspects of basic services plus some regulatory and licensing powers to the local governments. It also increases the financial resources available to LGUs, lays down the policy framework for the direct involvement of civil society, most especially non-government organizations and people’s organizations in the process of local governance, and encourages LGUs to be more entrepreneurial. [37] These are as follows: 1. ) the code devolves or transfers the responsibility for the delivery of various aspects of basic services to the local governments. Most significant devolved services include health, agriculture, environment and natural resources, social services and public works funded by local funds. 2. ) The code transfers certain regulatory and licensing powers to local governments. These include reclassification of agricultural lands, enforcement of environmental laws, inspection of food products and quarantine, enforcement of National Building Code, operation of tricycles, processing and approval of subdivision plans, and establishment of cockpits and holding of cockfights. 3. It increases the financial resources available to LGUs by broadening their taxing powers, providing them with specific share from the national wealth exploited in their area, and increasing their automatic share from national taxes. 4. )It lays down the policy framework for the direct involvement of civil society, most specially NGOs and Pos, in the process of local governance – some degree of debureaucretization. These openings for civil society are meant to promote not only popular participation but also local accountability and transparency. Finally, 5. The code encourages the LGUs to be more entrepreneurial by providing them with opportunities to enter into joint ventures with the private sector, engage in the BOT arrangements, float bonds, and obtain loans from local private institution and the like. In a sense, the code encourages them to be less reliant on the national government instead generate their own resources but still the President has the authority to exercise general supervision over the LGU delegated to the DILG – the successor of the pre – martial department of local government and community development. More specifically, this could be done through the following: First, sectoral representation in local legislative councils, particularly those represents women, worker, and other sectors as determined by the specific Sanggunian. ( either sanggunian panlalawigan, panglungsod, sanggunian kabataan and the like); second, th rough allocation of specific seats for NGO and PO representative in local special bodies (like the local development council, the local health board, and the local school board);third, participation in political exercises like plebiscite, referendum, and recall. and lastly, involvement in the planning and implementation of development programs. Moreover, the present local government unit creates criteria according to the 1991 Local Government Code. The country has existing levels on the local government which has an elected set of chief executive and members of a legislative body called sanggunian as well as bureaucracy. The levels of the government include the provinces, cities, municipalities, and the village-level barangay. [38] This shows that there exists an established administration on the local sector. However, in the case of cities, higher-income cities are autonomous and classified as highly urbanized or chartered cities, while the rest are component cities that, like t he municipalities, are under provincial supervision. [39] When a city is already considered as a highly-urbanized one, it becomes independent to the provincial government. However, when it has not yet reached the level of being a chartered city, then, it still remains under the authority of the provincial government. DEVOLUTION’S IMPACTS, ISSUES AND CHALLENGES Local government indeed plays a central role in any democratizing polity. For one, being in the frontline, they are regarded by many citizens as the government. If local governments fail and are unresponsive to the basic needs of the people then government to those people is a failure, regardless of the grandiose plans and visions it has. The increased role of governments in the democratizing polity may also be seen within the context of global trends and development. The rapid breakdown of many centralized institutions has led to the observation that the â€Å"center cannot hold†. While the implementation of the code may not have been a smashing success, it may be rightfully claimed that it has not been a failure either. A high point in the battle for devolution was the presidential veto of the proposed bill to recentralize health services. If anything, this maybe a major indicator of the current leadership’s political will to follow through the devolution process. The support of the various concerned agencies to increase the LGU’s absorptive capacities, through the preparation of guidelines and even developing various capability programs with appropriate institution also augurs well for devolution. The most controversial issue in decentralization is implementation in the real world. It presents problem which are as follows: first is that a significant number of LGUs â€Å"refuse and hesitate to accept the devolved functions and services for reasons such as limited financial resources to maintain and sustain the operations of the offices charged with the functions and del ivering the devolved services†[40]. For example the health practitioners, they are now the responsibilities of the LGUs and be compensated with accordance of the Magna Carta involving heath services[41]Next are the problems which have something to do with personnel management, because some of them do not want to be directly under the control and supervision of the local executives, especially those devolved personnel from the national agencies. According to the Legaspi there are concerns on to what extent the basic services and functions which includes financial allocations from the national government and support facilities be transferred to the LGU’s because it is not clearly defined. Indeed there are things to be settled until it can be said that the decentralization in the country is successful. â€Å"However, it is important that the devolution process not be romanticized and seen as the end-all and panacea for all our problems. National government certainly still plays a critical role in the overall development process. The preparation and development of standards, redistribution of resources and identification of projects and activities that national government can finance given its unique capabilities and perspectives still are areas where it has some comparative advantage and therefore demonstrate competence†[42]. [1] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [2] Decentralization Towards Democratization ann Development in the Asian Pacific Region: Eastern Regional Organization for Public Organization (EROPA). dited; De Guzman, Raul. Reforma, Mila. Bookman Printing House, Manila, 1993. p 5 [3] Decentralization Towards Democratization ann Development in the Asian Pacific Region: Eastern Regional Organization for Public Organization (EROPA). edited; De Guzman, Raul. Reforma, Mila. Bookman Printing House, Manila, 1993. p 3 [4] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [5] Decentralization Towards Democratization ann Development in the Asian Pacific Region: Eastern Regional Organization for Public Organization (EROPA). dited; De Guzman, Raul. Reforma, Mila. Bookman Printing House, Manila, 1993. p 4 [6] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [7] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [8] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [9] Decentralization Towards Democratization ann Development in the Asian Pacific Region: Eastern Regional Organization for Public Organization (EROPA). edited; De Guzman, Raul. Reforma, Mila. Bookman Printing House, Manila, 1993. p 4 [10] Decentralization Towards Democratization ann Development in the Asian Pacific Region: Eastern Regional Organization for Public Organization (EROPA). edited; De Guzman, Raul. Reforma, Mila. Bookman Pri nting House, Manila, 1993. p 4 [11] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [12] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [13] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [14] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [15] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [16] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [17] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [18] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [19] Alex B. Brillantes, Jr. Decentralization, Devolution and Development in the Philippines, UMP-Asia Occasional Paper No. 44, 1999 [20] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Mora da, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [21] For the extensive and detailed discussion of these various initiatives, see Laurel, op cit. , pp. 289-293 [22] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [23] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [24] Ocampo and Panganiban, op. Cit. , p. 5 [25] Brillantes Cit. 26] Brillantes Cit. [27] Brillantes Cit. [28] Ibid. [29]Brillantes cit. [30] Ibid. [31] Ibid. [32] Ibid. [33] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [34] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. 14 Brillantes, Cit. 15 [35] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [36] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [37] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [38] Decentralization, Autonomy and the Local Government Code: The Challenge of Implememtation. edited; Legaspi, Perla. Local Government Center ,College of Public Administration, University of the Philippines and Ford Foundation. Philippines, 1995. p 2 [39] Philippine Politics and Governance: An Introduction. Edited: Morada, Noel. Tadem, Teresa. [40] Democritization: Philippine Perspectives. Miranda, Felipe. University of the Philippines Press. Diliman, Quezon City, 1997, p. 98,99

Management by Objectives - 1214 Words

MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES (MBO) is a practical application of the reasoning behind the notion of goal-setting theory. MBO is a process in which employees participate with management in the setting of goals or objectives. An essential feature of an MBO program is that it involves a one-on-one negotiation session between a supervisor and subordinate in order to set concrete, objective goals for the employee’s performance. During the session a deadline is set for the measurement of accomplishment, and the paths to the desired goals. and the removal of possible obstacles are discussed. After an established period of time has elapsed (typically six months or year), the supervisor and subordinate meet again to review the subordinate’s performance†¦show more content†¦Some managers prefer to retain an evaluative and superior posture and are uncomfortable with the notion of being a coach or counselor to their subordinates. Personality conflicts between superiors and sub ordinates are another potential problem for goal-setting systems, as is competitiveness. A superior who feels threatened by talented subordinates may do little to help them be more successful and, consequently, more visible, In addition, subordinates may hesitate to set challenging goals for fear of failure and its consequences. MBO systems also tend to emphasize the quantifiable aspects of performance while ignoring the more qualitative aspects. This is an understandable tendency, since participants in MBO systems are encouraged to focus on such dimensions of performance. Qualitative aspects of performance, which are often more difficult to identify and measure, are likely to be overlooked or de-emphasized. For example, how can the quality of service that an organization provides or an organization’s image in the local community be defined and measured? A1 2 Because the success of an MBO system rests heavily on the quality of the relationship between supervisor and subordinates, the degree of trust and supportiveness that exists in a work unit is a central concern. For an MBO system to be highly successful, these elements are critical prerequisites, The absence ofShow MoreRelatedManagement by Objectives1215 Words   |  5 PagesManagement by Objectives Motivating employees seems to be a challenge for managers - Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the MBO program and provide at least one example to support your discussion. Goal-Setting Theories have evolved since the 50s and have an impressive documented literature. The Goal-Setting Theory addresses the issues that goal specificity, challenge, and feedback have on performance (Robbins, 2009, p185). Setting goals and motivating employees are always an importantRead MoreManagement By Objectives (MBO) Essay972 Words   |  4 PagesI have selected the Management by Objectives (MBO) theory of management because this relates the most to my business ideas and current working environment. The MBO approach uses many familiar processes that I am accustomed to using such as goal setting, employee participation, and feedback. Using all of these tools has helped to increase overall job performance and help to provide a more informed employee and management team. The performance of the management has to be the same goals as the businessRead MoreManagement Analysis : Management Process906 Words   |  4 Pages Management by Objectives, MBO, is a management process where managers and employees decide together what goals the employee should work to achieve. The goals set for the employee are agreed upon by both the employee and the manager. 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Nutrition and Food Intake Essay - 1295 Words

Nutrition and Food Intake Since we have been learning about nutrition in class, our task was to record a food log. Nutrition requires a well-balanced diet containing nutrient and vitamins like amino acids and fatty acids. Over the past seven days I have been recording and have been looking very carefully at my intake of nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and fats. In our task, the objective was to record the basic foods we ate during the period of seven, but it did not require recording every single detail or our intake of food. Doing this food log was a pain and it was disturbing because I never wrote about what I ate like breakfast, lunch, dinner, or additional meals. I found this food log useful because it helped me learn what I†¦show more content†¦The intake of nuts and legumes are good because they have fatty acids and proteins and proteins are a type of nutrient. Proteins help the body to grow and to repair tissues. They new food pyramid says that you should take in 0-2 servings of fish, poultry , and eggs because all of these contain all the essential amino acids. Since amino acid is the monomer of proteins, this relates to protein. The body uses about 20kmds of amino acids to construct the protein it needs. Amino acids are essential for growth. Fish, poultry and eggs also contain Vitamin B so they are also essential for growth and the functioning of the eyes. The new food pyramid says that you should eat about 1-2 servings of daily products or calcium supplements. Since dairy products contain calcium and a little bit of phosphorus they are essential for the deposition in bones, the formation of ATP and nucleic acids and for the functioning of the heart muscles and nerves. You should limit your intake of red meat, butter, white rice, white bread, potatoes, pasta, and sweets to a ver low amount because if you take too much you can get diseases and disorders. 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Information Technology in Healthcare

Questions: 1. Does the business need IT?2. Why Information Technology is significant for business survival?3. What is required to apply in IT in the business?4. How does the business use IT?5. What are the benefits and advantages does IT bring to business?6. What type of risk does Information Technology brings to business?7. How can the business maintain and monitor the Information Technology? Answers: Introduction Having innovation in business is a great way to succeed in these digital age. The path to the innovation in business entails doing something different, and better in order to make a positive difference in value, or productivity by use of the emerging technology of the world. The technology which has proved itself for the last decades is the Information Technology. It has changed both the lives of the individuals and the businesses. Now days the business planning, the systematic planning, the real time monitoring, and an instant customer support cannot be optimized without the use of the IT.( Bates, 2002) the use of IT is both cost effective and an opportunity of doing business. The success of the business will depend on the use of the IT, it has provided many tools for solving the complex business problem that have been very effective. In addition, through digital marketing it can help a business to market on its products and services more effectively. (Devaraj and Kohli, 2003) Throu gh the technology of the cloud computing and the use of the modern communication technology, it enables a business to form a global organization, to manage it and monitor effectively through virtual offices without necessary being there. It enables the management to work from any part of the world. In terms of decision making it increases speed and accuracy, through providing framework of comprehensive market research process that enables the management to make the right decision. .( Bates, 2002) The information Technology has revolutionized on the health sector, today, an example in the health sector is at the uniting care Aging Centre that provides aged care services in the New South Wales and Australia have implemented electronic clinical system which is very effective in solving customer problems. (Mitchell, Lardear and Schonbach, Tremont, 1997)They adopted it as a result of pre-dominate, manual and inconsistent processes and practices. The adoption of the Information Technology in their business has enabled tasks to be handled quickly before the deadline. In this paper, it will highlight the information technology in the health care. Moreover, it will show why it is important to have it in business, what is required to apply IT, the benefits and advantages, the types of risks it brings in the business, and ways to maintain and monitor IT in business. 1. Does the business need IT? Every successful business needs IT. The Information Technology drives the innovation and that innovation brings the success to the business. The core formula for the business success today is drive innovation with the use of IT. (Devaraj and Kohli, 2003) The first concept of a startup in any industry is to be able to figure how to make a smart IT recruiting choices. Without any backbone of the aspect of IT in that business, it surely will not go far. Therefore, for the Aging Centre to make their processes more efficient they adopted the use of IT in the business, which made the staff to complete the project before deadline and under budget. 2. Why Information Technology is significant for business survival? The use of the information technology is essential in business survival in many aspect. One of such areas is on the marketing and the business growth. The success of the business lies on the marketing in which enables the management to be able identify the target audience, discover on their needs, and a marketing campaign in order to persuade them to get them. In addition, it has enabled on the improvement of the customer support. (Devaraj and Kohli, 2003) The customers are able to receive support from many channels like; telephone, emails, or even the social media. The use of IT is essential for the survival of the Aging Centre health care since, it helped in their efficient of their processes that were very cumbersome and inefficient. For them to improve, they had to implement the software otherwise they could not survive because of the competitors. 3. What is required to apply in IT in the business? In the application of the Information Technology, there are various components to look at; the cost, the planning, the design, the training of the staff and the installation of the system. On the cost, it is important that the business looks for the system that is cost friendly to them without affecting their cash flow or resources on expensive one. (vretveit, Scott, Rundall, Shortell, and Brommels, 2007) The planning of the IT does be done systematically putting in mind each process is important in the implementation for optimal performance. Moreover, the system should be designed depending on the specification and the needs of that health facility they are offering. It should suit their requirements, and the nature of their business. (Goldschmidt, 2005). The installation process, should be done well, putting in place back up system for monitoring and protecting the information of the clients, there should be also security measures to protect that information from being breached. In addition, all the staff should be trained on how to use that particular system so that it runs smoothly without compromising the information of the customers. 4. How does the business use IT? The uses IT in business both internally and externally. Internally it is through the staff or the employees using the system to carry their duties. The use of the IT by the staff provide great accountability in regards to the assessment of the quality and the planning of the care. It also to provide the best practices and process models to be effectively achieved by the employees, through the use of the technology as compared to the manual practices which were cumbersome, time consuming and could easily be replicated. Externally, the suppliers and customers can use IT asking for the orders of the products, booking appointment for the patients. (vretveit, Scott, Rundall, Shortell, and Brommels, 2007) This way they can know when to go and the doctor, as comparison when they go and find a long queue. The suppliers, can use the system to get information of a given business and see if there is opportunity, to provide products and the services to that business. 5. What are the benefits and advantages does IT bring to business? a. Benefits On the benefits, the organizations can harness IT resources to reduce the cost. The use of the IT infrastructure, the tasks can be centralized at one location, therefore the process become less cumbersome since one can do all the tasks at a single point. Moreover, economic efficiencies can be achieved by through migration of the high cost functions to online environment. (Goh, Gao, and Agarwal, 2011) In the case of Aging health care, the use of the IT in the business, help reduce the tasks undertaken, more so keeping the patients records, booking them, and administration of the drugs. (Chaudhry, Wang, Maglione, Mojica, Roth, Morton, and Shekelle, 2006) Another benefit, IT brings efficiency and flexibility. The use of streamlined work flow system, having shared and collaborative work environment can help achieve this efficiency and flexibility. It can help the staff to process a great level of the work over a shorter deadline. In terms of the revenues it increases profitability. It is possible since, there is no wastage of the resources, therefore there is optimal allocation in the work place enabling the tasks to be undertaken within the shortest time and on a large scale. b. Advantages On the advantages, the information Technology brings productivity to the business. The use of the systems have enabled the employees to collaborate effectively, even across every distances. Moreover, it has enabled automation of the many mundane on the business tasks, hence freeing the employees to concentrate on the tasks that are important. (Heathfield, Pitty, and Hanka, 1998) Nevertheless, it offers better communication in the business. Connection of the devices enables staff to be connected whenever they go, thus reduction on the time taken to undertake a meeting when called. Moreover, technology offers communication opportunities, allowing the business to host meeting online, through video conferencing to share information. 6. What type of risk does Information Technology brings to business? The implementation of the Information Technology in business, if not proper handled can bring forth risks that may be risky to the business. Some of these risks may be associated with the breach of security. This can happen through a malware or a virus that is introduced to the system by a hacker, and still the data. (Heathfield, Pitty, and Hanka, 1998)This may result to consequences on the business, especially if the patients information is stolen and they sues the organization for breach of confidentiality agreement, by exposing their data. Moreover, there may be corporate espionage especially when the staff steal or release the information of the patients. It becomes an issue since the privacy of the patient is no the wrong hands. Another risks associated with IT are hardware or the software failure, resulting to the loss or the corrupt of the patient data. (Goh, Gao, and Agarwal, 2011) Nonetheless, there could be risks of the human errors. This happen when the staff incorrectly i nput the data on the system, or the issuer of the incorrect data processing on the system. 7. How can the business maintain and monitor the Information Technology? Each organization is unique and they have their unique requirement for the Information Technology. The best way to maintain and monitor the technology is to have an accessible plan. The steps to handle this is to have a security IT monitoring hardware, in order to mitigate the security breach and vulnerabilities. In addition, it is important to have a backup monitoring of IT (Heathfield, Pitty, and Hanka, 1998). This is essential since the important assets for any organization, it their data, and the data is protected. In the case of Aging health care Centre they need to implement their plan of action to prevent the vulnerabilities and breach. They can do this by highlighting the following steps; defining on the accessibility of the technology strategies, identifying the requirements, designing, and developing the system and maintaining on the technology through continues learning process. Conclusion In this report, it has looked on the use of the IT in the business, with emphasizes on the benefits and the advantages it brings to the business. It has also looked on the requirement of the implementation of the system to the business. Nonetheless, there was need to look at the risks it brings to the business and how to manage and monitor the system. Aging Centre needs also to have a technology plan to mitigate any vulnerabilities in the business. References Bates, D.W., 2002. The quality case for information technology in healthcare. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 2(1), p.7. Chaudhry, B., Wang, J., Wu, S., Maglione, M., Mojica, W., Roth, E., Morton, S.C. and Shekelle, P.G., 2006. Systematic review: impact of health information technology on quality, efficiency, and costs of medical care. Annals of internal medicine, 144(10), pp.742-752. Devaraj, S. and Kohli, R., 2003. Performance impacts of information technology: Is actual usage the missing link? Management science, 49(3), pp.273-289 Goh, J.., Gao, G. and Agarwal, R., 2011. Evolving work routines: Adaptive routinization of information technology in healthcare. 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